Correct writing 6th edition

As a general rule, only include figures when they add to the value of the paper. If the figure merely repeats what is written in the paper, do not include it, as it does not add any new information to the paper. The sixth edition also emphasizes the importance of clearly labeling electrophysiological, radiological, and genetic data sections 5. If the quotation is less than 40 words, incorporate the quotation into the text and place quotation marks round the quotation. Cite the source immediately after the quotation and continue with the sentence.

If the quotation has more than 40 words, use a block quotation. Begin the quotation on a new line and indent a half-inch from the left margin. Double-space the entire quotation, and at the end of the quotation, provide citation information after the final punctuation mark. John Nicholson anticipated this effect when discussing farming methods in the nineteenth century:. Perhaps it would be well, if some institution were devised, and supported at the expense of the State, which would be so organized as would tend most effectually to produce a due degree of emulation among Farmers, by rewards and honorary distinctions conferred by those who, by their successful experimental efforts and improvements, should render themselves duly entitled to them.

Electronic sources 6. Because electronic publishing has become a standard in research, the sixth edition provides an overview of electronic sources and how to reference them, specifically with URLs and DOIs. URLs, more commonly known as a web address, locate information housed on the Internet. While citing from a webpage, you may not be able to find a page number to refer to, i.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings. Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Note: This page reflects the 6th edition of the APA manual, which is now out of date. It will remain online until , but will not be updated. There is currently no equivalent 7th edition page, but we're working on one. Thank you for your patience. A third good exercise for your heart is cross-country skiing.

What skills do teenagers gain from afterschool jobs? What difficulties present themselves to such a student? American class expectations often differ from those in foreign classrooms. Classes given in English can create problems. Why should foreign language study be required? It also allows people to explore books and other resources from a different country. Knowing a foreign language is useful in jobs and travel.

The learner must spend a great deal of time memorizing the irregular spelling of many English words. Nearly everyone who sees the Grand Canyon for the first time reports having felt a bit stunned by the size and majesty of this sight. Because computers are everywhere, many people now respond to work e-mail even when they are on vacation.

In the afternoons, teenagers who have places to go after school lets out are common on the buses. The first step is to choose the publishing tool you wish to use for your blog. Another problem is that they may be used to different cultural rules about how to interact with professors and other students. The most obvious reason for going shopping is to get something that one needs. The paragraphs are primarily descriptive and expository.

Paragraph 1: I know a family whose library has shelves reaching up to their ceiling; they keep a ladder for climbing up to the high books. Paragraph 3: Some think that a library full of the literary classics, dictionaries, and books about art, science, and history make them look well read. They can subtly reveal their interests in Peruvian art, Indian music, philosophy, or animals without saying a word. Paragraph 4: Each book, whether it's The Treasury of Houseplants or Murder on the Orient Express, has transported the reader to another place.

The Standard First Aid and Personal Safety manual, in addition to providing information, reminds me of the first-aid course I took and how assured I felt as a result. Bulfinch's Mythology brings the oral history of Western civilization to my fingertips, reminding me of my link with other times and people.

Yes, because it concludes logically and it does not introduce any new topics. Logical 2. Weak—the conclusion introduces another topic. There may be several reasons, but three stand out. One reason people save their books is to use them as reference materials. People whose job training included studying a lot of textbook material may save some of those books for future reference.

Another reason some people save books is to make a good impression. Some think that a library full of the literary classics, dictionaries, and books about art, science, and history make them look well read and, therefore, sophisticated.

This impression may be inaccurate. Some have never bothered to read the majority of those books. Also, some people like to reveal to visitors their wide range of tastes and interests. People who enjoy reading have discovered the magic of books. Each book has transported the reader to another place. The Treasury of Houseplants 2. Murder on the Orient Express B. Each book really represents an experience from which the reader may have grown or learned something.

The Standard First Aid and Personal Safety manual—reminds me of first-aid course, feeling more assured 2.

The customs that govern us are what make a civilization; there would be chaos without them, and yet for some reason …we obey them. The thesis is first stated in paragraph 6. It is restated in paragraph All of the examples are from everyday experience. Answers will vary, but generally they come from a broad range of experiences, so are relatively effective.

Discussion Pages 1. Unwritten laws represent the collective social conscience. This is stronger than written law. International students are likely to point out that some of the unwritten laws stopping at a red light when no one is around, fans behaving at a game are not always followed in their countries or not even always followed here.

Answers will vary, but they may include things like giving up a seat on public transportation or always carrying flowers upside down. The word macho has a different meaning to Hispanics from the meaning it has when used by English-speaking people. Macho to Hispanics means manly, responsible, hard-working, a man in charge, a patriarch. Macho to Americans means a chauvinist, a brute, uncouth, selfish, loud, abrasive, capable of inflicting pain, and sexually promiscuous. Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Charles Bronson are given as examples because the characters they play in their movies exude the characteristics that form the American definition of macho.

The characters they play in films tend to be reliable, diligent, and strong, more like the Hispanic meaning of the word. Guilbault cites her uncles as examples. Discussion Page 1. Answers will vary, but most students will be able to think of examples from cultures they are familiar with which value different behaviors: modesty and submission for men and women in Muslim countries, emphasis on the collective in Asian cultures, respect for silence in other countries, etc. Most students will be able to think of these from their native languages.

Some examples are babushka—in Russian, this is grandma, but it is a scarf in English. Guru comes from Sanskrit and is often misused in English to refer to any person who is good at doing something and not just a spiritual leader.

If the class has many Latino students, it might be helpful to have them write on this topic in their journals before discussing this in class.

Americans are friendly to strangers. He gives two examples and explains them well. There are enough for a short essay, but more would be better.

Yes 5. These items are just superfluous, absurd trifles. Central idea: superfluous 2. Topic Sentence: Unfortunately, some of these clever items that claim to save time might actually end up making us waste time. Controlling Idea: waste time Topic Sentence:. Controlling Idea: absurd Topic Sentence: Comfort and convenience are carried to extremes in the area of personal care. Controlling Idea: extremes 3. Yes; Yes 5.

Yes 6. Thesis Statement: These items are just superfluous, absurd trifles. Some of these clever items that claim to save time might actually end up making us waste time. Devices to save time cutting 1. Devices that need batteries 1. Items for the bathroom border on the absurd. For the bathtub 1. For the toilet 1.

Comfort and convenience are carried to extremes in the area of personal care. To feel better 1. To look better 1. Complete 2. Complete 3. Incomplete Though the example does talk about recycling, it does not clearly show how this is good for the economy.

Incomplete 5. Not an example 6. It is important to choose words carefully, for words can suggest meanings not intended at all; words can also be used to deceive. The paragraphs are organized from the least interesting to the most interesting point.

The author gives three examples. Thesis Statement: It is important to choose words carefully, for words can suggest meanings not intended at all; words can also be used to deceive. Take, for instance, the language of advertising.

Advertisers obviously want to emphasize the virtues of their products and detract from their faults. A second example of words that camouflage meaning is euphemisms. People use all kinds of euphemisms for death. To make certain jobs sound less unappealing, people use euphemisms. Sometimes euphemisms can be used to camouflage potentially controversial or objectionable actions.

A final example of language that conveys unintended impressions is sexist language. The names of many jobs suggest women should not fill these positions. We must always be careful to choose the words that convey what we really mean. If we not want to give offense, then we should always be on guard against sexist as well as racist language. If we do not want to be misled by advertisements, we must keep our ears open for weasel words.

When we use a euphemism, we should be aware that we are trying to make an idea more acceptable. Another thing I do to improve my English is work the crossword puzzles in the daily newspaper. Another mythical character that children love is the Easter Bunny. Another of my favorite neighborhoods is Andersonville, just north of Wrigleyville. He did it by selling gerund thousands of downloads of a game he developed for the Apple iPhone.

Ethan Nicholas worked for Sun Microsystems when he started programming his iShoot game for the iPhone. Within six weeks he was ready to submit infinitive the finished product to Apple for its approval. That approval was quickly received. For every game sold, Apple receives subject-verb agreement 30 percent of the selling price.

The game drew some buyers, but Nicholas believed that noun clause even more people would buy it if they could play before they paid. After he submitted a stripped-down version of the game as a free download, 2 million people downloaded it.

The experience convinced him to quit infinitive vs. When Sakamoto first began participating in Japanese conversations, she startled and confused the other participants because she was conversing with American English conversational expectations. She compares a Western-style conversation to a game of tennis. A Western-style conversation is like a game of tennis in that people are expected to lob the topic back and forth, generate excitement, and not necessarily take turns.

She compares a Japanese-style conversation to bowling. The participants take turns, start from the same position, and generate an atmosphere of calm expectation. In Western-style conversation, turns are not necessary, but they are expected in Japanese-style conversation. In Western-style conversations, participants pick up the topic from the position in which it is left by the previous speaker, while in Japanese-style conversations, everyone starts from the same conversational position.

In Japanese-style conversations, there are pauses between the contributions of the participants, but Western-style conversations contain multiple interruptions and rapid-fire commentary. In Western-style conversations, everyone is expected to keep the conversation going and not speak for long periods. In Japanese-style conversations, everyone waits while the speaker finishes commenting and pauses to evaluate what has been said.

The thesis is that differences in conversational styles contribute as much confusion to cross-linguistic communication as do differences in language. Answers will vary, but in addition to different cultural rules, where people have different tolerance for pauses and interruptions, students might want to consider conversations with people from different age groups or social backgrounds.

The topic of the essay is her own behavior. She contrasts the way she behaved at school and on the bus with the way she behaved in her own neighborhood when she was at home. The essay focuses primarily on contrasts. Answers will vary, but it is clear that Daria feared that school behavior would have made her a target for victimization in her tough neighborhood.

Had she used neighborhood behavior consistently at school, various kinds of punishment would have undoubtedly followed. Students should consider the different roles they play in life, such as employee, student, leader, parent, child, grandchild, and how they may act different and choose different behavior, language, and dress in these roles. If they have trouble answering, ask how they dress, speak, and carry themselves when visiting their grandparents as opposed to at work or school.

Ask if there are words that they use in some situations but would never use in others. Students may discover that the flexibility to be successful and wear different masks in different situations is a sign of intelligence and breadth of experience. You can still turn to the instructor for help if you are lost or confused. I can read or do work during my commute. Public transportation costs less than insurance, registration, gasoline, and parking. The number of assignments and opportunities to improve a poor grade c.

The degree of independence that students must show in remembering to complete assignments d. It focuses on contrast. It follows Pattern A. Possible answers include that the writer felt that Pattern A emphasizes the contrast for the reader or that it treats the brothers more equally rather than making one first and one second.

The topic sentences: In contrast to Nhan, Hung, who is his younger brother by ten years, looks more like an American boxer. Nhan and Hung also differ in personality. Concerning their attitudes toward life, they are as different as the moon and the sun. The conclusion is logical. Thesis Statement: Even though they have the same parents, their considerable differences in looks, personality, and attitude toward life reflect the differences between Eastern and Western culture.

They differ greatly in appearance. Nhan is short, small, and has a moon-shaped face. His manner of dress is traditional. Hung is muscular and large. He prefers to wear sports clothes and casual clothes. They differ in personality. Nhan is patient and quiet. Hung is self-centered and independent. They differ in their attitudes toward life. Nhan is concerned with spiritual values. Hung puts his trust in science and technology.

I sadly realized that the best memories are those left undisturbed. Pattern B. This pattern creates a more coherent picture of the past and the more recent past, twenty years later. The branch was a romantic place for exploration. No longer romantic, the branch was now polluted.

This paragraph functions as a transition between the past and the present. Thesis Statement: However, what I saw and what I remembered were not the same. As I remember my old apartment building, it was bright and alive. I would steal away with my friends and play in the basement. Our favorite place to play was the coal bin; we used it as a rocket ship.

The branch near our apartment was a place for adventure. We enjoyed the honeysuckles there. Our biggest thrill was the day the police caught an alligator there. Unlike before, the apartment building was now rundown and in disrepair. The court was dirty and broken up, and the windows were broken. The once-clean walls were covered with graffiti and other stains.

Instead of medieval knights, etc. The area where I used to play was hardly recognizable. The branch was polluted and the honeysuckles had died. The branch was filled with old bicycles, broken bottles, and garbage. Now one would expect to find rats instead of alligators. The once sweet-smelling area now smelled horrible. Conclusion This essay could also be outlined more briefly this way: Thesis Statement: However, what I saw and what I remembered were not the same.

My old neighborhood in the past was a romantic place. My old apartment building was bright and alive. The area outside the building was a place of adventure. My old neighborhood twenty years later was decayed. My apartment building was now rundown and in disrepair.

The area outside the building was rundown and polluted. New Orleans does not have a harsh winter. On the contrary, it is quite mild. On the other hand, its summers are terrible. New Orleans does not have a large population. On the other hand, it is not a village. Many people think that New Orleans is a large city. On the contrary, it has quite a small population. New Orleans was not originally settled by the Spanish. On the contrary, its first European settlers were French. New Orleans is a big seaport.

On the other hand, its manufacturing industry is quite small. Like Borges, Mishima is considered one of the greatest modern writers. Borges is a great modern writer. Mishima is also considered a great modern writer. Similarly, Mishima is considered to be a great modern writer.

Unlike Borges, Mishima was educated in his native country of Japan. Borges was educated in Europe, but Mishima was educated in Japan. In his early days, Borges worked as a librarian, in contrast to Mishima who worked for the Finance Ministry.

Borges served as a librarian, whereas Mishima worked for the Finance Ministry. Similar to Borges, Mishima was a prolific writer, authoring short stories, poems, plays, essays, and novels.

Borges wrote many novels and short stories; likewise, Mishima was a prolific writer. Mishima was critical of the Japanese military policies. Mishima performed as an actor; however, Borges did not. Mishima performed as an actor. In contrast, Borges became a professor of literature.

Possible replacements for the italicized sentences in the passage follow. The right brain can interpret tone of voice and facial expressions; however, whenever we use language, both sides of the brain process information.

However, that is not so. It is true that the right brain recognizes chords and melodies and seems to mediate pure and slow tones, but the left hemisphere is also involved in music.

Suggested answers follow. Students should be encouraged to write an introduction and conclusion for each essay. The examples below are possible body paragraphs that represent each pattern of organization.

The Chinese Empire ruled much of Asia from B. There are some interesting parallels between these two empires even though they ended differently. The first parallel is the time at which both empires began and the way in which they spread. Interestingly, both empires began at about the same time in history. The Roman Empire began in B. Both empires also began around a small geographical base and then spread out farther and farther to include more territory. Second, both empires developed higher levels of civilization than the areas surrounding them.

The Roman Empire, for example, developed a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads. In the same way, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy while in the midst of barbarians called Huns and Mongols.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the ways that both empires dealt with intruders. Because the barbarians surrounding the Roman and Chinese Empires constantly threatened them, the leaders of both empires devised three ways of handling them.

First, they conquered territory whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. For example, the Roman leaders conquered the land in Europe up to the Rhine and Danube Rivers and then used these rivers as barriers against invasion. Second, the leaders of both empires built fortifications to keep out invaders.

Similarly, the Chinese erected the Great Wall to keep invaders out. The third method of dealing with invaders was to colonize countries on the borders of the empires and use them as buffer states.

Many times these countries were midway between barbarism and civilization. As colonies and buffer states, these countries became more and more civilized and thus more likely to protect the empires. Both the Roman and Chinese Empires used these buffer states to help protect their outer boundaries.

The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about B. It developed a higher level of civilization than the areas surrounding it. It had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads.

These barbarians were a constant threat to the Roman Empire. Therefore, the leaders of the empire devised three ways to protect it. Examples of these are the Rhine and Danube Rivers. They also built fortifications to keep out invaders. They built some, for example, between the Rhine and the Danube and between Scotland and England. Third, they used precautionary buffer states, like colonies, which were midway between barbarism and civilization.

These all helped to protect the base of the Empire, Rome itself. The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians broke through the fortifications. In a short two hundred years, the Roman Empire fell to the power of the Germans. The Chinese Empire shares many similar characteristics with the rise of the Roman Empire. The Chinese Empire began around B. Just as the Roman Empire started from a small geographic base and spread out, so did the Chinese Empire. Starting from a geographic base around the Yellow River, it spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to Canton.

Another similarity between the Chinese Empire and the Roman Empire was the high level of civilization both obtained. Just as Rome had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy in Asia. Furthermore, the Chinese Empire was surrounded by less civilized people and barbarians in the same way the Roman Empire was.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the fact that the Chinese Empire dealt with invading barbarians in the same three ways as the Romans did. For example, just as the Romans used the Rhine and Danube Rivers for this purpose, the Chinese used the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers to serve as natural boundaries.

Second, the Chinese built imposing fortifications, for example, the Great Wall, to keep out invaders just as the Romans built walls between England and Scotland to protect their territory. Third, the Chinese colonized buffer states, states midway between barbarism and civilization, to protect their outer boundaries. As colonies, these countries learned much from China, becoming civilized in the process. This technique parallels the actions of the Romans as well.

The behavior of the attendees is subject-verb agreement also not very similar. At the classical performance, the audience sits quietly and expectantly. They do not dance or talk verb form and may even close their eyes so they can be better comparisons listeners.

At a rock concert, the crowd dances and sways. Shouting, pushing, and jumping are subject-verb agreement common as well. At a classical music concert, it would be very surprising indeed if an audience member began irregular verb form to sing along with the performers. On the contrary, rock musicians sometimes point subject verb agreement the microphone toward the crowd to encourage them to sing along with favorite lyrics. However, classical concerts were not always so dignified.

In the 18th century, the audience clapped, yelled, and sometimes even threw irregular verb form food. Even though the manners at these concerts are subject-verb agreement not very similar, neither audience is less passionate comparison about the music, and their appreciation for the talent and effort of the musicians is similar.

Ferrell Comprehension Page 1. The marketing mix consists of the four activities that marketers engage in.

The four variables are product, pricing, distribution, and promotion. A good, a service, or an idea can be a product. A high price can give a product a reputation of luxury and status if the product is worth the premium price. Because of the Internet, marketers can more easily reach customers all over the world.

Discussion Page Answers will vary. Services include www. Some may report that they are skeptical of low prices as indicators of low quality; others may report that they sometimes buy something they do not need because it was cheap.

The Subway restaurants are indirectly given as an example of convenience and reaching as may customers as possible. Recent uses of viral marketing are usually good options for discussion. It may depend on what is being marketed. It is usually important that the product be properly developed for the market, but for a name brand with a long history, promotion may be most important. Motivation by Charles Lamb, Jr. People buy products to fulfill a need.

A motive is the feeling that creates a specific need. Hunger motive creates the need for food. Physiological: things the body needs for survival food, water Safety: things we need to keep us comfortable and out of danger protection Social: the need to belong to a group acceptance, love Esteem: the need to be respected by others for what we do prestige, recognition Self-actualization: the need to feel we are living up to our potential self development 4.

The most commonly experienced needs are physiological, but social needs are the most commonly targeted. Answers may vary, but one possibility is that in societies developed enough to have advertising, physiological and safety needs are somewhat easily met.

Some psychologists have identified the need for beauty aesthetic needs , the need for knowledge and learning cognitive needs , as well as the need to help others. They do not express positive or negative judgments about advertising. This makes sense for a textbook, especially one on marketing. Examples of advertising that fits with each kind of need are given without being critical of their effects or praising their success.

Marketers and advertisers study consumer motivation in order to understand why people buy products. Thus they can design marketing plans and advertisements to appeal to these motivations.

The pyramid shows that those needs lower on the pyramid are more commonly experienced and met than those higher on the pyramid. Intangible 2. Dissatisfaction 3. Unrelated 4. Unacceptable 5. Insignificant 6. Unavailable 7. Inconvenient 8. Nontraditional 9. Uninformed Disinterested, Uncontrollable Infrequently Inexpensive Insufficiently Unimportant Illegal Nonessential Nonexclusive Bonus: The first is dissatisfied meaning that you are unhappy with the situation, such as dissatisfied with the customer service in the store.

The second is unsatisfied which, in addition to meaning unhappy, can also mean that you have a need that is not yet met. He forgot his water bottle, so his thirst remained unsatisfied. Possible Responses: 1. True Shoppers love to shop and enjoy the whole process and get a feeling of a satisfaction when they buy something.

The Buyer considers the purchase carefully and probably does a lot of research. Price and getting a good deal are the main motivations for the Bargain Hunter. The Anti-Shopper hates it and avoids it. Students will probably be able to think of other kinds of shoppers but should be asked to make sure that they are naming a different attitude toward shopping and not introducing a new principle of classification. Possible responses: Hotels are found in every country and city of the world and even in communities with few inhabitants.

Today, the lodging industry offers many new alternatives for the traveling public. Some properties offer luxury accommodations; others offer budget accommodations; still others accommodate the need of travelers to be away from home. Whatever the reason, there are many different kinds of hotels, and they can be classified according to their size, facility type, price, or service.