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Even though this algorithm is not restricted to ES modules, they make it much more efficient as they allow Rollup to treat all modules together as a big abstract syntax tree with shared bindings. Rollup strives to implement the specification for ES modules, not necessarily the behaviors of Node.

Consequently, loading of CommonJS modules and use of Node's module location resolution logic are both implemented as optional plugins, not included by default in the Rollup core.

Just npm install the commonjs and node-resolve plugins and then enable them using a rollup. If the modules import JSON files, you will also need the json plugin. Philosophically, it's because Rollup is essentially a polyfill of sorts for native module loaders in both Node and browsers. In a browser, import foo from 'foo' won't work, because browsers don't use Node's resolution algorithm. On a practical level, it's just much easier to develop software if these concerns are neatly separated with a good API.

Rollup's core is quite large, and everything that stops it getting larger is a good thing. Meanwhile, it's easier to fix bugs and add features. By keeping Rollup lean, the potential for technical debt is small. Please see this issue for a more verbose explanation. By default when creating multiple chunks, imports of dependencies of entry chunks will be added as empty imports to the entry chunks themselves.

Example :. This does not affect code execution order or behaviour, but it will speed up how your code is loaded and parsed. Without this optimization, a JavaScript engine needs to perform the following steps to run main. With this optimization, a JavaScript engine will discover all transitive dependencies after parsing an entry module, avoiding the waterfall:.

There may be situations where this optimization is not desired, in which case you can turn it off via the output. This optimization is also never applied when using the output. Even though Rollup will usually try to maintain exact module execution order when bundling, there are two situations when this is not always the case: code-splitting and external dependencies.

The problem is most obvious with external dependencies, see the following example :. Here the execution order is polyfill. Now when you bundle the code, you will get. This is not a problem caused by Rollup putting the import at the top of the bundle—imports are always executed first, no matter where they are located in the file.

This problem can be solved by creating more chunks: If dep. However there is not yet an automatic way to do this in Rollup. For code-splitting, the situation is similar as Rollup is trying to create as few chunks as possible while making sure no code is executed that is not needed. If module A imports module B and there are no circular imports, then B will always be executed before A.

This is however a problem for polyfills, as those usually need to be executed first but it is usually not desired to place an import of the polyfill in every single module.

Luckily, this is not needed:. Rollup is already used by many major JavaScript libraries, and can also be used to build the vast majority of applications. However if you want to use code-splitting or dynamic imports with older browsers, you will need an additional runtime to handle loading missing chunks. We recommend using the SystemJS Production Build as it integrates nicely with Rollup's system format output and is capable of properly handling all the ES module live bindings and re-export edge cases.

Alternatively, an AMD loader can be used as well. Unlike other bundlers such as Webpack and Browserify, Rollup doesn't know "out of the box" how to handle these dependencies - we need to add some configuration.

Let's add a simple dependency called the-answer , which exports the answer to the question of life, the universe and everything:. The resulting bundle. For that, we need a plugin. Install it…. This time, when you npm run build , no warning is emitted — the bundle contains the imported module. Some libraries expose ES modules that you can import as-is — the-answer is one such module. An exception for this rule is the Babel plugin, if you're using it then place it before the commonjs one.

Let's say that you're building a library that has a peer dependency, such as React or Lodash. If you set up externals as described above, your rollup will bundle all imports:.

You can finely tune which imports are bundled and which are treated as external. For this example, we'll treat lodash as external, but not the-answer. The external key accepts either an array of module names, or a function which takes the module name and returns true if it should be treated as external.

For example:. You might use this form if you're using babel-plugin-lodash to cherry-pick lodash modules. In this case, Babel will convert your import statements to look like this:.

The array form of external does not handle wildcards, so this import will only be treated as external in the functional form. Many developers use Babel in their projects in order to use the latest JavaScript features that aren't yet supported by browsers and Node. First, install the plugin:. Before Babel will actually compile your code, it needs to be configured. We're putting our. This allows us to have a different. Now, before we run rollup, we need to install babel-core and the env preset:.

Running Rollup now will create a bundle - except we're not actually using any ES features. The syntax is very similar to the configuration file, but the properties are split across two different operations corresponding to the JavaScript API :. Alternatively you can install rollup from npm and use the node compatibility layer :. Be sure to run deno with the --unstable flag. And don't forget --allow-read and --allow-write if you plan on using bundle.

If you get stuck, please try discussing the issue on the Rollup Discord or posting a question to Stackoverflow. If you've found a bug, or Rollup can't meet your needs, please try raising an issue. Lastly, you may try contacting RollupJS on Twitter. You probably already know that ' eval is evil', at least according to some people. But it's particularly harmful with Rollup, because of how it works — unlike other module bundlers, which wrap each module in a function, Rollup puts all your code in the same scope.

That's more efficient, but it means that the shared scope is 'polluted' whenever you use eval , whereas with a different bundler, modules that didn't use eval would not be polluted. A minifier can't mangle variable names in polluted code, because it can't guarantee that the code to be evaluated doesn't reference those variable names.

Luckily, unless you really do intend for the evaluated code to have access to local variables in which case you're probably doing something wrong! Simply 'copying' eval provides you with a function that does exactly the same thing, but which runs in the global scope rather than the local one:.

Using the Function constructor generates a function from the supplied string. Again, it runs in the global scope. If you need to call the function repeatedly, this is much, much faster than using eval. Sometimes, you'll end up with code in your bundle that doesn't seem like it should be there.

For example, if you import a utility from lodash-es , you might expect that you'll get the bare minimum of code necessary for that utility to work. But Rollup has to be conservative about what code it removes in order to guarantee that the end result will run correctly. If an imported module appears to have side-effects , either on bits of the module that you're using or on the global environment, Rollup plays it safe and includes those side-effects.

Because static analysis in a dynamic language like JavaScript is hard, there will occasionally be false positives.

Lodash is a good example of a module that looks like it has lots of side-effects, even in places that it doesn't. You can often mitigate those false positives by importing submodules e. Rollup's static analysis will improve over time, but it will never be perfect in all cases — that's just JavaScript.

Import declarations must have corresponding export declarations in the imported module. For example, if you have import a from '. It can be solved by using the namedExports option, which allows you to manually fill in the information gaps. In a JavaScript module, this is undefined at the top level i. Because of that, Rollup will rewrite any this references to undefined so that the resulting behaviour matches what will happen when modules are natively supported.

There are occasional valid reasons for this to mean something else. If you're getting errors in your bundle, you can use options.

You'll see this warning if you generate a sourcemap with your bundle sourcemap: true or sourcemap: 'inline' but you're using one or more plugins that transformed code without generating a sourcemap for the transformation.

Usually, a plugin will only omit the sourcemap if it the plugin, not the bundle was configured with sourcemap: false — so all you need to do is change that.

If the plugin doesn't generate a sourcemap, consider raising an issue with the plugin author. Rollup will only resolve relative module IDs by default. This means that an import statement like this…. If that's what you want, you can suppress this warning with the external option, which makes your intentions explicit:.

If you do want to include the module in your bundle, you need to tell Rollup how to find it. Some modules, like events or util , are built in to Node. If you want to include those for example, so that your bundle runs in the browser , you may need to include rollup-plugin-polyfill-node.

If you experience this, disabling FSEvents may eliminate the problem:. As Rollup needs to keep all module information in memory simultaneously to be able to analyze relevant side effects for tree-shaking, it is possible that bundling large projects reaches Node's memory limit. If this happens, it can help to increase this limit by running Rollup via.

Note that this number can safely surpass your available physical memory. In that case, Node will start paging memory to disk as needed. Either a function that takes an id and returns true external or false not external , or an Array of module IDs, or regular expressions to match module IDs, that should remain external to the bundle.

Can also be just a single ID or regular expression. The matched IDs should be either:. Note that if you want to filter out package imports, e. When providing a function, it is called with three parameters id, parent, isResolved that can give you more fine-grained control:. When creating an iife or umd bundle, you will need to provide global variable names to replace your external imports via the output.

If a relative import, i. When the resulting bundle is written, the import will again be converted to a relative import. The conversion back to a relative import is done as if output.

The bundle's entry point s e. If you provide an array of entry points or an object mapping names to entry points, they will be bundled to separate output chunks. Unless the output.

When using the object form, the [name] portion of the file name will be the name of the object property while for the array form, it will be the file name of the entry point. The following will generate at least two entry chunks with the names entry-a. The option can be omitted if some plugin emits at least one chunk using this. When using the command line interface, multiple inputs can be provided by using the option multiple times.

When provided as the first options, it is equivalent to not prefix them with --input :. The directory in which all generated chunks are placed. This option is required if more than one chunk is generated. Otherwise, the file option can be used instead. The file to write to. Will also be used to generate sourcemaps, if applicable.

Can only be used if not more than one chunk is generated. For example, in a case like this…. Alternatively, supply a function that will turn an external module ID into a global variable name. When given as a command line argument, it should be a comma-separated list of id:variableName pairs:. Other scripts on the same page can use this variable name to access the exports of your bundle.

Namespaces are supported i. The resulting bundle will contain the setup necessary for the namespacing. Adds a plugin just to this output. See Using output plugins for more information on how to use output-specific plugins and Plugins on how to write your own. For plugins imported from packages, remember to call the imported plugin function i. Falsy plugins will be ignored, which can be used to easily activate or deactivate plugins. Not every plugin can be used here. If you are a plugin author, see output generation hooks to find out which hooks can be used.

See Using plugins for more information on how to use plugins and Plugins on how to write your own try it out, it's not as difficult as it may sound and very much extends what you can do with Rollup.

This example also demonstrates how to use an async IIFE and dynamic imports to avoid unnecessary module loading, which can be surprisingly slow. The cache property of a previous bundle. Use it to speed up subsequent builds in watch mode — Rollup will only reanalyse the modules that have changed. Setting this option explicitly to false will prevent generating the cache property on the bundle and also deactivate caching for plugins. Determines if absolute external paths should be converted to relative paths in the output.

This does not only apply to paths that are absolute in the source but also to paths that are resolved to an absolute path by either a plugin or Rollup core. When converting an absolute path to a relative path, Rollup does not take the file or dir options into account, because those may not be present e.

Instead, it assumes that the root of the generated bundle is located at the common shared parent directory of all modules that were included in the bundle. If the output chunk is itself nested in a sub-directory by choosing e. As stated before, this would also apply to originally relative imports like import ".

For this case, choosing "ifRelativeSource" will check if the original import was a relative import and only then convert it to a relative import in the output. Choosing false will keep all paths as absolute paths in the output. Note that when a relative path is directly marked as "external" using the external option, then it will be the same relative path in the output. When it is resolved first via a plugin or Rollup core and then marked as external, the above logic will apply. Limits the number of files rollup will open in parallel when reading modules.

This dependes on how many open file handles the os allows. A function that will intercept warning messages. If not supplied, warnings will be deduplicated and printed to the console. When using the --silent CLI option, this handler is the only way to get notified about warnings. The function receives two arguments: the warning object and the default handler. Warnings objects have, at a minimum, a code and a message property, allowing you to control how different kinds of warnings are handled.

Other properties are added depending on the type of warning. Many warnings also have a loc property and a frame allowing you to locate the source of the warning:. The pattern to use for naming custom emitted assets to include in the build output, or a function that is called per asset to return such a pattern. Patterns support the following placeholders:.

When using a function, assetInfo is a reduced version of the one in generateBundle without the fileName. See also output. You can also supply a function that returns a Promise that resolves to a string to generate it asynchronously Note: banner and footer options will not break sourcemaps. The pattern to use for naming shared chunks created when code-splitting, or a function that is called per chunk to return such a pattern.

When using a function, chunkInfo is a reduced version of the one in generateBundle without properties that depend on file names. This will minify the wrapper code generated by rollup. Note that this does not affect code written by the user. This option is useful when bundling pre-minified code. The pattern to use for chunks created from entry points, or a function that is called per entry chunk to return such a pattern.

This pattern will also be used when setting the output. Here a different set of placeholders is available, though:.

Whether to extend the global variable defined by the name option in umd or iife formats. When true , the global variable will be defined as global. When false, the global defined by name will be overwritten like global. Which language features Rollup can safely use in generated code. This will not transpile any user code but only change the code Rollup uses in wrappers and helpers.

You may choose one of several presets:. Whether to use arrow functions for auto-generated code snippets. Note that in certain places like module wrappers, Rollup will keep using regular functions wrapped in parentheses as in some JavaScript engines, these will provide noticeably better performance. This will use const instead of var in certain places and helper functions. This will allow Rollup to generate more efficient helpers due to block scoping.

Determine whether reserved words like "default" can be used as prop names without using quotes. This will make the syntax of the generated code ES3 compliant. Note however that for full ES3 compliance, you may also need to polyfill some builtin functions like Object. By default when creating multiple chunks, transitive imports of entry chunks will be added as empty imports to the entry chunks. See "Why do additional imports turn up in my entry chunks when code-splitting?

Setting this option to false will disable this behaviour. This option is ignored when using the output. This will inline dynamic imports instead of creating new chunks to create a single bundle. Only possible if a single input is provided.

Note that this will change the execution order: A module that is only imported dynamically will be executed immediately if the dynamic import is inlined. Controls how Rollup handles default, namespace and dynamic imports from external dependencies in formats like CommonJS that do not natively support these concepts. Note that even though true is the current default value, this value is deprecated and will be replaced by "auto" in the next major version of Rollup.

To understand the different values, assume we are bundling the following code for a cjs target:. In the example above however, the namespace object itself is passed to a global function as well, which means we need it as a properly formed object. When esModule is used, Rollup adds no additional interop helpers and also supports live-bindings for default exports.

In contrast to Node, though, named imports are supported as well which are treated as properties of the default import. To create the namespace object, Rollup injects helpers:. Adding this property is a standard implemented by Rollup, Babel and many other tools to signify that the required value is the namespace of a transpiled ES module:. Note how Rollup is reusing the created namespace object to get the default export.

If the namespace object is not needed, Rollup will use a simpler helper:. Here is what Rollup will create from the example code. Note that we removed external.

When a function is supplied, Rollup will pass each external id to this function once to control the interop type per dependency. As an example if all dependencies are CommonJs, the following config will ensure that named imports are only permitted from Node builtins:. Similar to output. Allows the creation of custom shared common chunks.

When using the object form, each property represents a chunk that contains the listed modules and all their dependencies if they are part of the module graph unless they are already in another manual chunk. The name of the chunk will be determined by the property key. For instance. When using the function form, each resolved module id will be passed to the function. If a string is returned, the module and all its dependency will be added to the manual chunk with the given name. Be aware that manual chunks can change the behaviour of the application if side effects are triggered before the corresponding modules are actually used.

When using the function form, manualChunks will be passed an object as second parameter containing the functions getModuleInfo and getModuleIds that work the same way as this. This can be used to dynamically determine into which manual chunk a module should be placed depending on its position in the module graph. For instance consider a scenario where you have a set of components, each of which dynamically imports a set of translated strings, i.

If a lot of such components are used together, this will result in a lot of dynamic imports of very small chunks: Even though we known that all language files of the same language that are imported by the same chunk will always be used together, Rollup does not have this information.

The following code will merge all files of the same language that are only used by a single entry point:. By default for formats es and system or if output.

Even though it appears that setting this option to true makes the output larger, it actually makes it smaller if a minifier is used. Maps external module IDs to paths. External ids are ids that cannot be resolved or ids explicitly provided by the external option.

Paths supplied by output. Instead of creating as few chunks as possible, this mode will create separate chunks for all modules using the original module names as file names. Requires the output. Tree-shaking will still be applied, suppressing files that are not used by the provided entry points or do not have side effects when executed. This mode can be used to transform a file structure to a different module format.

Note that when transforming to cjs or amd format, each file will by default be treated as an entry point with output. This means that e. If someone imports this file, they will get access to the default export via.

As with regular entry points, files that mix default and named exports will produce warnings. You can avoid the warnings by forcing all files to use named export mode via output.

In that case, the default export needs to be accessed via the. A directory path to input modules that should be stripped away from output. This can happen when third-party modules are not marked external , or while developing in a monorepo of multiple packages that rely on one another and are not marked external.

If true , a separate sourcemap file will be created. If "inline" , the sourcemap will be appended to the resulting output file as a data URI.

If true , the actual code of the sources will not be added to the sourcemaps making them considerably smaller. The location of the generated bundle.

If this is an absolute path, all the sources paths in the sourcemap will be relative to it. The map. A transformation to apply to each path in a sourcemap. Re-parses each generated chunk to detect if the generated code is valid JavaScript. This can be useful to debug output generated by plugins that use the renderChunk hook to transform code.

If the code is invalid, a warning will be issued. Note that no error is thrown so that you can still inspect the generated output. To promote this warning to an error, you can watch for it in an onwarn handler. Controls if Rollup tries to ensure that entry chunks have the same exports as the underlying entry module.

At the moment, the only way to override this setting for individual entry chunks is to use the plugin API and emit those chunks via this. When this flag is enabled, Rollup will throw an error instead of showing a warning when a deprecated feature is used.

Furthermore, features that are marked to receive a deprecation warning with the next major version will also throw an error when used. This flag is intended to be used by e. Any options that should be passed through to Acorn's parse function, such as allowReserved: true. A single plugin or an array of plugins to be injected into Acorn. For instance to use JSX syntax, you can specify. Note that this is different from using Babel in that the generated output will still contain JSX while Babel will replace it with valid JavaScript.

By default, the context of a module — i. In rare cases you might need to change this to something else, like 'window'. The path that will be prepended to the auto generated ID.

This is useful if the build is going to be placed inside another AMD project, and is not at the root. This property signifies that the exported value is the namespace of an ES module and that the default export of this module corresponds to the.

By default, Rollup adds this property when using named exports mode for a chunk. What export mode to use. Defaults to auto , which guesses your intentions based on what the input module exports:. As this is only an output transformation, you can only choose default if a default export is the only export for all entry chunks. Likewise, you can only choose none if there are no exports, otherwise Rollup will throw an error. The difference between default and named affects how other people can consume your bundle.

If you use default , a CommonJS user could do this, for example:. The wrinkle is that if you use named exports but also have a default export, a user would have to do something like this to use the default export:.

If you are generating CommonJS output that is meant to be interchangeable with ESM output for those tools, you should always use named export mode.

The reason is that most of those tools will by default return the namespace of an ES module on require where the default export is the. To alert you to this, Rollup will generate a warning when you encounter such a situation and did not select an explicit value for output. When set to false , Rollup will not generate code to support live bindings for external imports but instead assume that exports do not change over time.

This will enable Rollup to generate more optimized code. Note that this can cause issues when there are circular dependencies involving an external dependency.

This will avoid most cases where Rollup generates getters in the code and can therefore be used to make code IE8 compatible in many cases. Whether to Object. The indent string to use, for formats that require code to be indented amd , iife , umd , system. You can join my Facebook Group here or join my Telegram Group here.

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